ABSTRACT Right to the city is one of the most important citizenship rights that can be reduced for women under different circumstances. In this mixed research, with in-depth and semi-STRUCTUREd interviews, a conceptual MODEL has been presented to explain the causal, contextual and interventional conditions effectively reducing women's right to the city. Then, with the structural equation MODELing, the causal conditions affecting the right to the city have been investigated. Family, ethnicity, and physical and mental conditions were the most important background conditions that 32 women living in Ahvaz pointed to in order to influence the right to the city. Also, the participants considered politics and government institutions, law, and spatial policies as the most important intervention in the women's right to the city. City security, favorable actions with the city space, space-positive gender performance, and social welfare were among the most important causal conditions that the participants mentioned in increasing women's right to the city. Causal MODELing showed that the most influential reason for reducing women's right to the city of Ahvaz is urban space security, followed by urban policies and designs. By multiplying the causal path, it is 0.84, followed by urban planning and design with a coefficient of 0.79. Governmental and executive institutions should pay more attention to women's right to the city through the establishment of better laws, the design of suitable spaces with individual differences, especially gender, and, of course, with an emphasis on women. The creation of safer places in the city for women while increasing the livability of the city for citizens improves women's rights in urban spaces Extended abstract Introduction The right to the city is a universal right consisting of several instances. Since the right to the city enables the city inhabitants to access and enjoy the urban life benefits freely, it is tantamount to the right to freedom. The right to the city, the right to freedom of building and rebuilding cities, is one of the most valuable and, at the same time, the most neglected human rights. Among governments, NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) and political activists in all scales, the right to the city is often conceived in a legal meaning. In this sense, the right to city includes a set of distinct rights to urban resources and services, shelter, public space, clean water, and education that must be available to all, regardless of social or economic status, the bearers of such rights are urban dwellers and their guarantor is the government. This legal conception of the right to the city emphasizes universal and individual rights in the global liberal institutional order. The ultimate normative purpose of a legal right to the city is that the government legally encodes and enforces the set of rights constituting the right to the city. Justice and equality have been considered since long ago; however, injustice and discrimination are still visible in cities. Among all kinds of injustices and discrimination, gender equality has been a subject marginalized in all ages. In Iran, the need for urban spaces for women in accordance with the civil needs of citizens in daily life is felt. In Iran, factors such as various types of urban violence and insecurity, which generally make women victims, have reduced the possibility and desire for their presence and participation in public. Because the spatial, temporal, official and unofficial divisions in the city have caused some spaces to remain far from the reach of women. In this research, we intend to deal with the most important factors that cause women not to enjoy one of their most essential human rights, which is the right to the city.   Methodology This research, which is practical in terms of purpose, has been done with a confirmatory mixed method; first, it tried to present the most important contextual, interventional, and causal factors effective in reducing the right to the city of women in the form of a conceptual MODEL by the approach of grounded theory, and then confirming the defined causal STRUCTURE with the help of structural equations MODELing. The population in this research is Iranian women who are exposed to gender injustice and do not have the right to a desirable city. Research participants have a deep experience of undermining their right to the city and are interested in sharing it and cooperating with the researcher. Sampling was purposefully selected from women with the least amount of the right to the city. The qualitative sample of the research was 32 people, and the quantitative sample was 420 people. Due to the mixed nature of the research and the use of the data-driven theory approach and, afterwards, structural equations to collect the data, the interview was used in the qualitative phase and questionnaires in the quantitative phase. The interviews were done in-depth, face-to-face and semi-STRUCTUREd. The open-ended interview questions were conducted in a calm environment without the presence of a third person, and the time of the interviews varied according to the conditions of the interviewee. The questionnaire used in the research has ascertained an instrument that evaluates the contextual and causal components and factors related to the right to the city in the form of self-declaration items. The data obtained from the interview, after being implemented in the form of text, were analyzed and classified with the help of directed content analysis. In order to investigate the causal STRUCTURE of the right to the city, structural equation MODELing would have been helpful. Analyzes were performed with the help of LISREL 8.8. To estimate the causal path coefficients, the iterated maximum likelihood method was used and the overall fit of the causal STRUCTURE MODEL of women’s right to the city was carried out by Chi-square statistic. And, of course, the most important fit indexes of the MODEL, such as absolute fit indexes, incremental fit indexes and Parsimonious Normed Fit Indexes (PNFI).   Results and discussion Directed content analysis helped us to identify the factors reducing the right to the city and its subclasses of Iranian women. Conditions affecting women's right to the city are divided into underlying conditions, causal conditions, and intervening conditions. The most critical underlying conditions were family, age, ethnicity, and physical and mental characteristics. At the same time, environment security, urban actions, social welfare, and space gender functions constituted the essential intervening conditions, and politics, governmental institutions, law, and city spatial policies included the most important intervening conditions. Causal MODELing also showed that the factors influencing women's right to the city are the most influential to the least influential in the form of (1) security of the city environment, (2) urban policy-making, (3) gender function of space, and (4) interaction with the city. Security is one of the most important and influential factors that can decrease or increase the right to the city for women.   Conclusion The right to the city, which is considered one of the most fundamental rights of citizens, is trampled or reaches its lowest level due to underlying reasons such as the gender of individuals or their families. In this case, women are more vulnerable than the men. In such a way, causal conditions such as environmental security or urban actions and, of course, welfare have made this gender difference in the use of city space deeper and more complicated. Meanwhile, the role of governments and sovereignty in legislation and policies should not be neglected to reduce the right to city for women. Our explicit suggestion is for governmental institutions and executive agencies to pay more attention to women’s right to the city through the establishment of better laws, the design of more suitable spaces in the city, the design of urban spaces away from any gender discrimination only with the view of equal access for all and the creation of safer places for the women living in Ahvaz.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

Identifying the constraining factors of PRODUCTION and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the PRODUCTION constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA MODEL, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the MODEL precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor STRUCTURE of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

Although initially originated as a totally empirical relationship to explain the volume of trade between two partners, gravity equation has been the focus of several theoretic MODELs that try to explain it.Specialization MODELs are of great importance in providing a solid theoretic ground for gravity equation in bilateral trade. Some research papers try to improve specialization MODELs by adding imperfect specialization to MODEL, but we believe it is unnecessary complication. We provide a perfect specialization MODEL based on the phenomenon we call tradability, which overcomes the problems with simpler initial. We provide empirical evidence using estimates on panel data of bilateral trade of 40 countries over 10 years that support the theoretical MODEL. The empirical results have implied that tradability is the only reason for deviations of data from basic perfect specialization MODELs.

The STRUCTURE of the fixed and random parts of the genetic evaluation MODEL plays a significant role in fitting data and the estimation of genetic parameters for economic traits in livestock. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different fixed and random effects combinations in an animal MODEL framework on the general properties of the MODEL and estimates of the genetic parameters for milk PRODUCTION traits. Traits studied were 305-day milk PRODUCTION (305-MY, 15920 records), fat percentage (FP, 27954 records), protein percentage (PP, 26183 records), average daily milk PRODUCTION (ADM, 30954 records) and milk somatic cell score (SCS, 25408 records) in Isfahan Holstein cows. In general, 54 scenarios were studied which differed in fixed and random parts of the MODEL. Variance components were estimated using the animal MODEL fitting restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedure. The best MODEL for each trait was selected based on the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Results showed that for all traits studied, MODELs in which the effect of contemporary groups Herd-Year-Season (HYS) or Herd-Year-Month (HYM) were fitted as the random or fixed effect together with age at the first calving and inbreeding as a classified fixed effect or covariate lead to a significantly better data fit instead of fitting herd, year, season and month of calving separately. For each trait, a wide range of heritability was obtained by fitting 54 MODELs. Based on the best MODELs, the estimates of heritability for 305-MY, ADM, FP, PP and SCS were 0.33, 0.28, 0.21, 0.16 and 0.61, respectively. It was concluded that a single MODEL should not be used for analyzing all milk PRODUCTION traits and that for each trait a series of MODELs which differ in random and fixed parts should be tested to find the most suitable MODEL which describes the data best. Fitting the effects of herd and year, season and month of calving as contemporary groups the HYS or HYM was recommended for genetic evaluation of milk PRODUCTION traits as resulted in better data fit. Depending on the trait, inbreeding and age at first calving can be fitted as a classified fixed effect or as a covariate.

Implementation of effective input policies and technology consistent with PRODUCTION STRUCTURE contributes to the economic use of the PRODUCTION. Understanding the price elasticity of input and relationship between inputs in the agricultural sector is helpful in choosing appropriate input policy. In this study we examine the PRODUCTION STRUCTURE of pistachio in Damghan. To achieve the goal, Translog Cost Function and Derived Cost Share Equations were estimated using the theory of duality in a system of simultaneous equations within the framework of unrelated regression. Data were collected from 177 farmers in 1387. According to the results, price elasticities of inputs are negative. All of the cross- elasticities of inputs indicate complementary relationship between inputs, except for chemical fertilizer and labor as well as elasticity between chemical fertilizer and poison. Based on the calculated price elasticity, demand of labor, poison and animal fertilizer are inelastic. The results of study showed that the pistachio PRODUCTION has decreasing returns to scale at 0.72 percent. This indicates that farmers are not able to economize their products by increasing the size of their farms. The study recommends investigations on policies aimed at realizing the factors that increase PRODUCTION including pistachio fertilizer, poision and labour.

Objective: People who have higher social health can more successfully deal with the challenges and ups and downs of playing key social roles and participate more in collective activities and prevent social deviations and anomalies. In this regard, foresight and the development of a forward-looking strategy MODEL by the media can play an important role in promoting the social health of their audience (individuals).Method: This research has been done qualitatively and quantitatively. In the qualitative phase, content analysis and Q methods were used, and in the quantitative phase, factor analysis was used to analyze the Q method data.Results: The content analysis of the media in this study showed that the most media PRODUCTION in the field of social deviations with 576 cases and the lowest media PRODUCTION in the field of violence with 237 cases. The field of social quality with 485 and the field of social issues with 312 cases are in the second and third ranks. A small questionnaire was made and based on it, the desired MODEL was designed using PLS software. Conclusion: This MODEL showed that the function of media is effective in promoting social health of society and can have the greatest impact on improving quality of life, reducing violence, reducing social deviations and social issues.